Local foliations of area constrained Willmore surfaces on a 3-dimensional Riemannian manifold were constructed by Lamm, Metzger and Schulze , and Ikoma, Machiodi and Mondino, the leaves of these foliations are in particular critical surfaces of the Hawking energy in case they are contained in a totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface. We generalize these foliations to the general case of a non-totally geodesic spacelike hypersurface, constructing an unique local foliation of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy. A discrepancy when evaluating the so called small sphere limit of the Hawking energy was found by Friedrich, he studied concentrations of area constrained critical surfaces of the Hawking energy and obtained a result that apparently differs from the well established small sphere limit of the Hawking energy of Horowitz and Schmidt, this small sphere limit in principle must be satisfied by any quasi local energy. We confirm independently the discrepancy and explain the reasons for it to happen. We also prove that these surfaces are suitable to evaluate the Hawking energy in the sense of Lamm, Metzger and Schulze, and we find an indication that these surfaces may induce an excess in the energy measured.

A Duistermaat-Guillemin-Gutzwiller trace formula for Dirac-type operators on a globally hyperbolic spatially compact standard stationary spacetime is achieved by generalising the recent construction by A. Strohmaier and S. Zelditch to a vector bundle setting. We have analysed the spectrum of the Lie derivative with respect to a global timelike Killing vector field on the solution space of the Dirac equation and found that it consists of discrete real eigenvalues. The distributional trace of the time evolution operator has singularities at the periods of induced Killing flow on the space of lightlike geodesics. This gives rise to the Weyl law asymptotic at the vanishing period.

Many problems in Science and Engineering give rise to linear integral equations of the first kind with a smooth kernel. Discretization of the integral operator yields a matrix, whose singular values cluster at the origin. We describe the approximation of such matrices by adaptive cross approximation, which avoids forming the entire matrix. The choice of the number of steps of adaptive cross approximation is discussed. The discretized right-hand side represents data that commonly are contaminated by measurement error. Solution of the linear system of equations so obtained is not meaningful because the matrix determined by adaptive cross approximation is rank-deficient. We remedy this difficulty by using Tikhonov regularization and discuss how a fairly general regularization matrix can be used. Computed examples illustrate that the use of a regularization matrix different from the identity can improve the quality of the computed approximate solutions significantly.

In 2015, Mantoulidis and Schoen constructed 3-dimensional asymptotically Euclidean manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature whose ADM mass can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal value of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, while the intrinsic geometry of the outermost minimal surface can be "far away" from being round. The resulting manifolds, called extensions, are geometrically not "close" to a spatial Schwarzschild manifold. This suggests instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality. Their construction was later adapted to \(n+1\) dimensions by Cabrera Pacheco and Miao, suggesting instability of the higher dimensional Riemannian Penrose Inequality. In recent papers by Alaee, Cabrera Pacheco, and Cederbaum and by Cabrera Pacheco, Cederbaum, and McCormick, a similar construction was performed for asymptotically Euclidean, electrically charged Riemannian manifolds and for asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian manifolds, respectively, obtaining 3-dimensional extensions that suggest instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality with electric charge and of the conjectured asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian Penrose Inequality in 3 dimensions. This paper combines and generalizes all the aforementioned results by constructing suitable asymptotically hyperbolic or asymptotically Euclidean extensions with electric charge in \(n+1\) dimensions for \(n \geq 2\).
Besides suggesting instability of a naturally conjecturally generalized Riemannian Penrose Inequality, the constructed extensions give insights into an ad hoc generalized notion of Bartnik mass, similar to the Bartnik mass estimate for minimal surfaces proven by Mantoulidis and Schoen via their extensions, and unifying the Bartnik mass estimates in the various scenarios mentioned above.

In this paper we analyse a family of geometrically well-behaved cosmological space-times $(V^{n+1},g)$, which are foliated by \emph{intrinsically isotropic} space-like hypersurfaces $\{M_t\}_{t\in \mathbb{R}}$, which are orthogonal to a family of co-moving observers defined by a global time-like vector field $U$. In particular, this implies such space-times satisfy several of the well-known criteria for isotropic cosmological space-times, although, in the family in question, the simultaneity-spaces $(M_t,g_t)$ associated to $U$ can have as sectional curvature a sign-changing function $k(t)$. Being this clearly impossible in the FLRW family of standard cosmological space-times, it motivates us to revisit the geometric rigidity consequences of different definitions of isotropy available in the literature. In this analysis, we divide such definition according to whether the isometries involved are taken to be (local) space-time (STI space-times) or (local) space isometries (SI space-times) of $(M_t,g_t)$ for each $t$. This subtlety will be shown to be critical, proving that only when space-time isometries are considered one obtains the well-known rigidity properties associated with isotropic cosmological space-times. In particular SI space-times will be shown to be a strictly larger class than the STI ones, allowing a family of basic cosmological curvature change models which are not even locally isometric to any FLRW space-time.

Let X be a diffusion in a cone with oblique reflection at the boundary. We study the question whether X reaches a vertex of the cone in a finite time with positive probability. A new probabilistic method of investigation connected with the long time behavior of a diffusion reflected in a cylinder is proposed.

Balanced truncation is a well-established model order reduction method in system theory that has been applied to a variety of problems. Recently, a connection between linear Gaussian Bayesian inference problems and the system theoretic concept of balanced truncation was drawn for the first time. Although this connection is new, the application of balanced truncation to data assimilation is not a novel concept: It has already been used in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) in its discrete formulation. In this paper, the link between system theory  and data assimilation is further strengthened by discussing the application of balanced truncation to standard linear Gaussian Bayesian inference, and, in particular, the 4D-Var method.  similarities between both data assimilation problems allow a discussion of established methods as well as a generalisation of the state-of-the-art approach to arbitrary prior covariances as  reachability Gramians. Furthermore, we propose an enhanced approach using time-limited balanced truncation that allows to balance Bayesian inference for unstable systems and in addition mproves the numerical results for short observation periods.

Der Sonderforschungsbereich SFB1294 „Datenassimilation: Die nahtlose Verschmelzung von Daten und Modellen“ wird seit 2017 von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft an der Universität of Potsdam gefördert und befindet sich gegenwärtig am Beginn der zweiten Förderphase. Gemeinsam mit den Projektpartnern der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, der Technischen Universität Berlin, dem Weierstraß-Institut für Angewandte Analysis und Stochastik sowie dem Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam: Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, werden innerhalb des Verbundes sowohl die statistischen und mathematischen Grundlagen also auch mannigfaltige Anwendungen zeitabhängiger inverser Problemeuntersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden in kurzen Zügen sowohl die grundlegende mathematische Fragestellung also auch die aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Projekte des SFBs vorgestellt

Wang proved the local existence and uniqueness of solutions for 3D isentropic compressible Euler equations by vector-field approach if the initial velocity \( v_0\), logarithmic density \(\rho_0\) and specific vorticity \(w_0\) satisfy \( (v_0, \rho_0, w_0) \in H^s\times H^s \times H^{s_0} (2<s_0<s)\), and the author proposed a conjecture that the local solutions of 3D isentropic, compressible Euler equations is well posed if \( (v_0, \rho_0,w_0) \in H^{2+}\times H^{2+}\times H^{\frac{3}{2}+}\). Inspired by the pioneer work, we study the local existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence of rough solutions of 3D compressible Euler equations with dynamic vorticity and entropy.
We firstly prove the local well-posedness of solutions via Smith-Tataru's approach when the initial velocity \(v_0\), logarithmic density \(\rho_0\), entropy \(h_0\), and specific vorticity \(w_0\) satisfy \( (v_0, \rho_0,h_0,w_0) \in H^s \times H^s \times H^{s_0+1}\times H^{s_0}(2<s_0<s)\). So this recovers Wang's result. This result has three distinct features: (i) a Strichartz estimate of linear wave equations endowed with a acoustic metric, (ii) a continuous dependence on initial data with low regularity, (iii) a type of Strichartz estimates of solutions with a regularity of the velocity 2+, density 2+, entropy \(\frak52+\) and specific vorticity \(\frak32+\). Secondly, based on these key Strichartz estimates, we obtain the existence and uniqueness of solutions of 3D compressible Euler equations if the initial data satisfies \( (v_0, \rho_0, h_0, w_0) \in H^{\frac52} \times H^{\frac52} \times H^{\frac52+}\times H^{\frac32+}\). Furthermore, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions of 3D isentropic compressible Euler equations if \((v_0, \rho_0, w_0) \in H^{2+} \times H^{2+} \times H^{2}\).

We give a complete analysis of mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations and the 1−form wave operator on the Kerr metric in the large a case. By mode solutions we mean solutions of the form \(e^{-i t_\ast \sigma} \tilde h (r,\theta,\varphi)\) where \(t_\ast\) is a suitable time variable. The corresponding Fourier transformed 1−form wave operator and linearized Einstein operator are shown to be Fredholm between suitable function spaces and \(\tilde h\) has to lie in the domain of these operators. These spaces are constructed following the general framework of Vasy. No mode solutions exist for \(\mathfrak{J} \sigma \geq 0\), \(\sigma \neq 0\).  For \(\sigma=0\)  mode solutions are Coulomb solutions for the 1−form wave operator and linearized Kerr solutions plus pure gauge terms in the case of the linearized Einstein equations. If we fix a De Turck/wave map gauge, then the zero mode solutions for the linearized Einstein equations lie in a fixed 7−dimensional space. The proof relies on the absence of modes for the Teukolsky equation shown by the third author and a complete classification of the gauge invariants of linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime due to Aksteiner et al.

Non-local boundary conditions, such as the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer (APS) conditions, for Dirac operators on Riemannian manifolds are well under\-stood while not much is known for such operators on spacetimes with timelike boundary. We define a class of Lorentzian boundary conditions that are local in time and non-local in the spatial directions and show that they lead to a well-posed Cauchy problem for the Dirac operator. This applies in particular to the APS conditions imposed on each level set of a given Cauchy temporal function.
 

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is part of the inflammatory bowels diseases, and moderate to severe
UC patients can be treated with anti-tumour necrosis α monoclonal antibodies, including infliximab
(IFX). Even though treatment of UC patients by IFX has been in place for over a decade, many gaps
in modelling of IFX PK in this population remain. This is even more true for acute severe UC (ASUC)
patients for which early prediction of IFX pharmacokinetic (PK) could highly improve treatment
outcome. Thus, this review aims to compile and analyse published population PK models of IFX in
UC and ASUC patients, and to assess the current knowledge on disease activity impact on IFX PK.
For this, a semi-systematic literature search was conducted, from which 26 publications including a
population PK model analysis of UC patients receiving IFX therapy were selected. Amongst those,
only four developed a model specifically for UC patients, and only three populations included se-
vere UC patients. Investigations of disease activity impact on PK were reported in only 4 of the 14
models selected. In addition, the lack of reported model codes and assessment of predictive perfor-
mance make the use of published models in a clinical setting challenging. Thus, more comprehen-
sive investigation of PK in UC and ASUC is needed as well as more adequate reports on developed
models and their evaluation in order to apply them in a clinical setting.

Inspired by the small sphere-limit for quasi-local energy we study local foliations of surfaces with prescribed mean curvature. Following the strategy used by Ye in 1991 to study local constant mean curvature foliations, we use a Lyapunov Schmidt reduction in an n+1 dimensional manifold equipped with a symmetric 2-tensor to construct the foliations around a point, prove their uniqueness and show their nonexistence conditions. To be specific, we study two foliation conditions. First we consider constant space-time mean curvature surfaces. These foliations were used by Cederbaum and Sakovich to characterize the center of mass in general relativity. Second, we study local foliations of constant expansion surfaces.

In this paper, we examine conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem. Although the discrete Helmholtz problem has been studied from different perspectives, to the best of our knowledge, there is no conditioning analysis for it. We aim to fill this gap in the literature. We propose a novel method in 1D to observe the near-zero eigenvalues of a symmetric indefinite matrix. Standard classification of ill-conditioning based on the matrix condition number is not true for the discrete Helmholtz problem. We relate the ill-conditioning of the discretization of the Helmholtz problem with the condition number of the matrix. We carry out analytical conditioning analysis in 1D and extend our observations to 2D with numerical observations. We examine several discretizations. We find different regions in which the condition number of the problem shows different characteristics. We also explain the general behavior of the solutions in these regions.

We show that a positive operator between L^p-spaces is given by integration against a kernel function if and only if the image of each positive function has a lower semi-continuous representative with respect to a suitable topology. This is a consequence of a new characterization of (abstract) kernel operators on general Banach lattices as those operators whose range can be represented over a fixed countable set of positive vectors. Similar results are shown to hold for operators that merely dominate a non-trivial kernel operator.

Let (M,g) be a Riemannian 3-manifold that is asymptotic to Schwarzschild. We study the existence of large area-constrained Willmore spheres $$\Sigma\subset M$$ with non-negative Hawking mass and inner radius $$\rho$$ dominated by the area radius $$\lambda$$. If the scalar curvature of $$(M,g)$$ is non-negative, we  show that no such surfaces with $$\log \lambda \ll \rho$$ exist. This answers a question of G. Huisken.

The analysis of linear ill-posed problems often is carried out in function spaces using tools from functional analysis. However, the numerical solution of these problems typically is computed by first discretizing the problem and then applying tools from finite-dimensional linear algebra. The present paper explores the feasibility of applying the Chebfun package to solve ill-posed problems with a regularize-first approach numerically. This allows a user to work with functions instead of vectors and with integral operators instead of matrices. The solution process therefore is much closer to the analysis of ill-posed problems than standard linear algebra-based solution methods. Furthermore, the difficult process of explicitly choosing a suitable discretization is not required.

In this paper we prove some rigidity theorems associated to $Q$-curvature analysis on asymptotically Euclidean (AE) manifolds, which are inspired by the analysis of conservation principles within fourth order gravitational theories. A central object in this analysis is a notion of fourth order energy, previously analysed by the authors, which is subject to a positive energy theorem. We show that this energy can be more geometrically rewritten in terms of a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor, which we denote by $J_g$. This allows us to prove that Yamabe positive $J$-flat AE manifolds must be isometric to Euclidean space. As a by product, we prove that this $J$-tensor provides a geometric control for the optimal decay rates at infinity. This last result reinforces the analogy of $J$ as a fourth order analogue to the Ricci tensor.

Recent advances in natural language processing have improved our understanding of what kind of linguistic knowledge is encoded in modern word representations. For example, methods for testing the ability to extract syntax trees from a language model architecture were developed by Hewitt and Manning (2019)—they project word vectors into Euclidean subspace in such a way that the corresponding squared Euclidean distance approximates the tree distance between words in the syntax tree. This work proposes a method for assessing whether embedding word representations in hyperbolic space can better reflect the graph structure of syntax trees. We show that the tree distance between words in a syntax tree can be approximated well by the hyperbolic distance between corresponding word vectors.

In the present paper, we study the coupled Einstein Constraint Equations (ECE) on complete manifolds through the conformal method, focusing on non-compact manifolds with flexible asymptotics. In particular, we do not impose any specific model for infinity. First, we prove an existence criteria on compact manifolds with boundary which applies to more general systems and can be seen as a natural extension of known existence theory for the coupled ECE. Building on this, we prove an L^p existence based on existence of appropriate barrier functions for a family of physically well-motivated coupled systems on complete manifolds. We prove existence results for these systems by building barrier functions in the bounded geometry case. We conclude by translating our result to the H^s formulation, making contact with classic works. To this end, we prove several intermediary L^2 regularity results for the coupled systems in dimensions n \le 12 which fills certain gaps in current initial data analysis.

According to Radzikowski’s celebrated results, bisolutions of a wave operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime are of the Hadamard form iff they are given by a linear combination of distinguished parametrices i2(G˜aF−G˜F+G˜A−G˜R) in the sense of Duistermaat and Hörmander [Acta Math. 128, 183–269 (1972)] and Radzikowski [Commun. Math. Phys. 179, 529 (1996)]. Inspired by the construction of the corresponding advanced and retarded Green operator G_A, G_R as done by Bär, Ginoux, and Pfäffle {Wave Equations on Lorentzian Manifolds and Quantization [European Mathematical Society (EMS), Zürich, 2007]}, we construct the remaining two Green operators G_F, G_aF locally in terms of Hadamard series. Afterward, we provide the global construction of i2(G˜aF−G˜F), which relies on new techniques such as a well-posed Cauchy problem for bisolutions and a patching argument using Čech cohomology. This leads to global bisolutions of the Hadamard form, each of which can be chosen to be a Hadamard two-point-function, i.e., the smooth part can be adapted such that, additionally, the symmetry and the positivity condition are exactly satisfied.

We study a class of infinite-dimensional diffusions under Gibbsian interactions, in the context of marked point configurations: the starting points belong to ℝ^d, and the marks are the paths of Langevin diffusions. We use the entropy method to prove existence of an infinite-volume Gibbs point process and use cluster expansion tools to provide an explicit activity domain in which uniqueness holds.

In this paper we introduce new Birth-and-Death processes with partial catastrophe and study their properties. In particular we obtain some estimates for the mean catastrophe time, and the first and second moments of the distribution of the process at a fixed time t. This is completed by some asymptotic results.

We consider the case of scattering of several obstacles in \(\mathbb{R}^d\) for \(d \geq 2\). Then the absolutely continuous part of the Laplace operator \(\Delta\) with Dirichlet boundary conditions and the free Laplace operator \(\Delta_0\) are unitarily equivalent. For suitable functions that decay sufficiently fast we have that the difference \(g(\Delta) - g(\Delta_0)\) is a trace-class operator and its trace is described by the Krein spectral shift function. In this paper we study the contribution to the trace (and hence the Krein spectral shift function) that arises from assembling several obstacles relative to a setting where the obstacles are completely separated. In the case of two obstacles we consider the Laplace operators \(\Delta_1\) and \(\Delta_2\) obtained by imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions only on one of the objects. Our main result in this case states that then \(g(\Delta) - g(\Delta_1) - g(\Delta_2) + g(\Delta_0)\) is a trace class operator for a much larger class of functions (including functions of polynomial growth) and that this trace may still be computed by a modification of the Birman-Krein formula. In case \(g(x) = x^{\frac{1}{2}}\) the relative trace has a physical meaning as the vacuum energy of the massless scalar field and is expressible as an integral involving boundary layer operators. Such integrals have been derived in the physics literature using non-rigorous path integral derivations and our formula provides both a rigorous justification as well as a generalisation.

We study boundary value problems for first-order elliptic differential operators on manifolds with compact boundary. The adapted boundary operator need not be selfadjoint and the boundary condition need not be pseudo-local.

We show the equivalence of various characterisations of elliptic boundary conditions and demonstrate how the boundary conditions traditionally considered in the literature fit in our framework. The regularity of the solutions up to the boundary is proven. We provide examples which are conveniently treated by our methods.

We show that local deformations, near closed subsets, of solutions to open partial differential relations can be extended to global deformations, provided all but the highest derivatives stay constant along the subset. The applicability of this general result is illustrated by a number of examples, dealing with convex embeddings of hypersurfaces, differential forms, and lapse functions in Lorentzian geometry.
The main application is a general approximation result by sections which have very restrictive local properties an open dense subsets. This shows, for instance, that given any K every manifold of dimension at least two carries a complete C^1,1-metric which, on a dense open subset, is smooth with constant sectional curvature K. Of course this is impossible for C²-metrics in general.

As the loop space of a Riemannian manifold is infinite-dimensional, it is a non-trivial problem to make sense of the "top degree component" of a differential form on it. In this paper, we show that a formula from finite dimensions generalizes to assign a sensible "top degree component" to certain composite forms, obtained by wedging with the exponential (in the exterior algebra) of the canonical 2-form on the loop space. The result is a section on the Pfaffian line bundle on the loop space. We then identify this with a section of the line bundle obtained by transgression of the spin lifting gerbe. These results are a crucial ingredient for defining the fermionic part of the supersymmetric path integral on the loop space.

We give a rigorous construction of the path integral in N=1/2 supersymmetry as an integral map for differential forms on the loop space of a compact spin manifold. It is defined on the space of differential forms which can be represented by extended iterated integrals in the sense of Chen and Getzler-Jones-Petrack. Via the iterated integral map, we compare our path integral to the non-commutative loop space Chern character of Güneysu and the second author. Our theory provides a rigorous background to various formal proofs of the Atiyah-Singer index theorem using supersymmetric path integrals, as investigated by Alvarez-Gaumé, Atiyah, Bismut and Witten.

We present a Reduced Order Model (ROM) which exploits recent developments in Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for solving inverse problems for the Navier--Stokes equations (NSE). In the proposed approach, the presence of simulated data for the fluid dynamics fields is assumed. A POD-Galerkin ROM is then constructed by applying POD on the snapshots matrices of the fluid fields and performing a Galerkin projection of the NSE (or the modified equations in case of turbulence modeling) onto the POD reduced basis. A POD-Galerkin PINN ROM is then derived by introducing deep neural networks which approximate the reduced outputs with the input being time and/or parameters of the model. The neural networks incorporate the physical equations (the POD-Galerkin reduced equations) into their structure as part of the loss function. Using this approach, the reduced model is able to approximate unknown parameters such as physical constants or the boundary conditions. A demonstration of the applicability of the proposed ROM is illustrated by two cases which are the steady flow around a backward step and the unsteady turbulent flow around a surface mounted cubic obstacle.

MOFs and COFs are porous materials with a large variety of applications including gas storage and separation. Synthesised in a modular fashion from distinct building blocks, a near infinite number of structures can be constructed and the properties of the material can be tailored for a specific application. While this modularity is a very attractive feature it also poses a challenge. Attempting to identify the best performing material(s) for a given application is experimentally intractable. Current research efforts combine molecular simulations and machine learning techniques to evaluate the simulated performance of hundreds of thousands of materials to identify top performing MOFs and COFs for a given application. These approaches typically rely on moderated brute-force screening which is still resource-intensive as typically between 70‒100 % of the hundreds of thousands of materials must be simulated to create a training set for the machine learning models used, restricting screening to relatively simple molecules. In this work we demonstrate our novel Bayesian mining approach to materials screening which allows 62‒92 % of the top 100 porous materials for a range of applications to be readily identified from large materials databases after only assessing less than one percent of all materials. This is a stark contrast to the 0‒1 % achieved by conventional brute-force screening where porous materials are just chosen at random during a high throughput screening. Through this accelerated virtual screening process, the identification of high performing materials can be used to more rapidly inform experimental efforts and hence lead to an acceleration of the entire research and development pipeline of porous materials.

In this paper we show that the Chen-Teo gravitational instanton [14], which provides a counterexample to the classical Euclidean Black Hole Uniqueness conjecture, is Hermitian and non-Kaehler. It follows that all known examples of gravitational instantons are Hermitian.

In this paper we consider the Cauchy problem for neo-Hookean incompressible elasticity in spatial dimension d≥2. We are here interested primarily in the low regularity case, s≤scrit=d/2+1. For d=2,3, we prove existence and uniqueness for s0<s≤scrit, and we can prove well-posedness, but for a smaller range, s1<s≤scrit,

if d=2if d=3,s0=74,s1=74+65√−78,s0=2,s1=1+32−−√

We consider the initial deformations of the form x(0,ξ)=Aξ+φ(ξ), where A is a constant SL(d,R) matrix, and φ∈Hs+1. For the full range (in s) results, as indicated above, we need additional Hölder regularity assumptions on certain combinations of second order derivatives of φ.
A key observation in the proof is that the equations of evolution for the vorticities decomposes into a first-order hyperbolic system, for which a Strichartz estimate holds, and a coupled transport system. This allows one to set up a bootstrap argument to prove local existence and uniqueness. Continuous dependence on initial data is proved using an argument inspired by Bona and Smith, and Kato and Lai, with a modification based on new estimates for Riesz potentials. The results of this paper should be compared to what is known for the ideal fluid equations, where, as shown by Bourgain and Li, the requirement s>scrit is necessary.

The well-posedness of Cauchy problem of 3D compressible Euler equations is studied. By using Smith-Tataru's approach \cite{ST}, we prove the local existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions for Cauchy problem of 3D compressible Euler equations, where the initial data of velocity, density, specific vorticity v,ρ∈Hs,ϖ∈Hs0(2<s0<s). It's an alternative and simplified proof of the result given by Q. Wang in \cite{WQEuler}.

In this paper, we introduce and explore the properties of a new gauge choice for the vacuum Einstein equation inspired by the ingoing and outgoing radiation gauges (IRG, ORG) for the linearized vacuum Einstein equation introduced by Chrzanowski in his work on metric reconstruction [DOI:10.1103/PhysRevD.11.2042] on the Kerr background. It has been shown by Price, Shankar and Whiting [arXiv:gr-qc/0611070] that IRG/ORG are consistent gauges for the linearized vacuum Einstein equation on Petrov type II backgrounds. In [arXiv:1903.03859] ORG was used in proving linearized stability for the Kerr spacetime, and the new non-linear radiation gauge introduced here is a direct generalization of that gauge condition, and is intended to be used to study the stability of Kerr black holes under the evolution generated by the vacuum Einstein equation.

In 2015, Mantoulidis and Schoen constructed 3-dimensional asymptotically Euclidean manifolds with non-negative scalar curvature whose ADM mass can be made arbitrarily close to the optimal value of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, while the intrinsic geometry of the outermost minimal surface can be "far away" from being round. The resulting manifolds, called \emph{extensions}, are geometrically not "close" to a spatial Schwarzschild manifold. This suggests instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality. Their construction was later adapted to n+1 dimensions by Cabrera Pacheco and Miao, suggesting instability of the higher dimensional Riemannian Penrose Inequality. In recent papers by Alaee, Cabrera Pacheco, and Cederbaum and by Cabrera Pacheco, Cederbaum, and McCormick, a similar construction was performed for asymptotically Euclidean, electrically charged Riemannian manifolds and for asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian manifolds, respectively, obtaining 3-dimensional extensions that suggest instability of the Riemannian Penrose Inequality with electric charge and of the conjectured asymptotically hyperbolic Riemannian Penrose Inequality in 3 dimensions. This paper combines and generalizes all the aforementioned results by constructing suitable asymptotically hyperbolic or asymptotically Euclidean extensions with electric charge in n+1 dimensions for n≥2.
Besides suggesting instability of a naturally conjecturally generalized Riemannian Penrose Inequality, the constructed extensions give insights into an ad hoc generalized notion of Bartnik mass, similar to the Bartnik mass estimate for minimal surfaces proven by Mantoulidis and Schoen via their extensions, and unifying the Bartnik mass estimates in the various scenarios mentioned above.

The spectral geometry of infinite graphs deals with three major themes and their interplay: the spectral theory of the Laplacian, the geometry of the underlying graph, and the heat flow with its probabilistic aspects. In this book, all three themes are brought together coherently under the perspective of Dirichlet forms, providing a powerful and unified approach.

The book gives a complete account of key topics of infinite graphs, such as essential self-adjointness, Markov uniqueness, spectral estimates, recurrence, and stochastic completeness. A major feature of the book is the use of intrinsic metrics to capture the geometry of graphs. As for manifolds, Dirichlet forms in the graph setting offer a structural understanding of the interaction between spectral theory, geometry and probability. For graphs, however, the presentation is much more accessible and inviting thanks to the discreteness of the underlying space, laying bare the main concepts while preserving the deep insights of the manifold case.

Graphs and Discrete Dirichlet Spaces offers a comprehensive treatment of the spectral geometry of graphs, from the very basics to deep and thorough explorations of advanced topics. With modest prerequisites, the book can serve as a basis for a number of topics courses, starting at the undergraduate level.

We study superharmonic functions for Schrödinger operators on general weighted graphs. Specifically, we prove two decompositions which both go under the name Riesz decomposition in the literature. The first one decomposes a superharmonic function into a harmonic and a potential part. The second one decomposes a superharmonic function into a sum of superharmonic functions with certain upper bounds given by prescribed superharmonic functions. As application we show a Brelot type theorem.

In this paper we make a detailed analysis of conservation principles in the context of a family of fourth-order gravitational theories generated via a quadratic Lagrangian. In particular, we focus on the associated notion of energy and start a program related to its study. We also exhibit examples of solutions which provide intuitions about this notion of energy which allows us to interpret it, and introduce several study cases where its analysis seems tractable. Finally, positive energy theorems are presented in restricted situations.

 In the semiclassical limit \( \hbar\to 0\), we analyze a class of self-adjoint Schr\"odinger operators \( H_\hbar = \hbar^2 L + \hbar W + V\cdot \mathrm{id}_\mathscr{E}\) acting on sections of a vector bundle \(\mathscr{E}\) over an oriented Riemannian manifold \(M\) where \(L\) is a Laplace type operator, \(W\) is an endomorphism field
  and the potential energy \(V\) has non-degenerate minima at a finite number of points \(m^1,\ldots m^r \in M\), called potential wells.
  Using quasimodes of WKB-type near \(m^j\)
  for eigenfunctions associated with the low lying eigenvalues of \(H_\hbar\), we analyze the tunneling effect, i.e. the splitting between low lying eigenvalues, which e.g. arises in certain symmetric configurations.
  Technically, we treat the coupling between different potential wells by an interaction matrix and we consider the case of a single minimal geodesic
  (with respect to the associated Agmon metric) connecting two potential wells
  and the case of a submanifold of minimal geodesics of dimension \(\ell + 1\).
  This dimension \(\ell\) determines the polynomial prefactor for exponentially small eigenvalue splitting.

• David Busse,
• André Schaeftlein,
• Alexander Solms,
• Luis Ilia,
• Robin Michelet,
• Markus Zeitlinger,
• Wilhelm Huisinga &
• Charlotte Kloft 

The Arnoldi process can be applied to inexpensively approximate matrix functions of the form f(A)v and matrix functionals of the form v∗(f(A))∗g(A)v, where A is a large square non-Hermitian matrix, v is a vector, and the superscript ∗ denotes transposition and complex conjugation. Here f and g are analytic functions that are defined in suitable regions in the complex plane. This paper reviews available approximation methods and describes new ones that provide higher accuracy for essentially the same computational effort by exploiting available, but generally not used, moment information.
Numerical experiments show that in some cases the modifications of the Arnoldi decompositions proposed can improve the accuracy of v∗(f(A))∗g(A)v about as much as performing an additional step of the Arnoldi process.

In the classic Coleman--Mandula no-go theorem which prohibits the unification of internal and spacetime symmetries, the assumption of the existence of a positive definite invariant scalar product on the Lie algebra of the internal group is essential. If one instead allows the scalar product to be positive semi-definite, this opens new possibilities for unification of gauge and spacetime symmetries. It follows from theorems on the structure of Lie algebras, that in the case of unified symmetries, the degenerate directions of the positive semi-definite invariant scalar product have to correspond to local symmetries with nilpotent generators. In this paper we construct a workable minimal toy model making use of this mechanism: it admits unified local symmetries having a compact- \(U(1)\)- component, a Lorentz- \(SL(2,\mathbb{C})\) -component, and a nilpotent component gluing these together. The construction is such that the full unified symmetry group acts locally and faithfully on the matter field sector, whereas the gauge fields which would correspond to the nilpotent generators can be transformed out from the theory, leaving gauge fields only with compact charges. It is shown that already the ordinary Dirac equation admits an extremely simple prototype example for the above gauge field elimination mechanism: it has a local symmetry with corresponding eliminable gauge field, related to the dilatation group. The outlined symmetry unification mechanism can be used to by-pass the Coleman--Mandula and related no-go theorems in a way that is fundamentally different from supersymmetry. In particular, the mechanism avoids invocation of super-coordinates or extra dimensions for the underlying spacetime manifold.

The propagation of high-frequency gravitational waves can be analyzed using the geometrical optics approximation. In the case of large but finite frequencies, the geometrical optics approximation is no longer accurate, and polarization-dependent corrections at first order in wavelength modify the propagation of gravitational waves via a spin-orbit coupling mechanism. We present a covariant derivation from first principles of effective ray equations describing the propagation of polarized gravitational waves, up to first-order terms in wavelength, on arbitrary spacetime backgrounds. The effective ray equations describe a gravitational spin Hall effect for gravitational waves and are of the same form as those describing the gravitational spin Hall effect of light, derived from Maxwell's equations.

The spin part of angular momentum of the electromagnetic field is known since the 1990's to be a separately conserved quantity. Cameron et al. introduced the helicity array, a non-covariant analog of Lipkin's zilch tensor, which expresses the hierarchy of conservation laws including helicity, spin, as well as the spin-flux or infra-zilch. In this paper, a novel conserved Lorentz covariant tensor, termed the helicity tensor, is introduced. The conservation laws arising from the helicity array can be obtained from the helicity tensor. The Lorentz covariance of the helicity tensor is in contrast to previous formulations of the helicity hierarchy of conservation laws, which required the non-Lorentz covariant transverse gauge. The helicity tensor is shown to arise as a Noether current for a variational symmetry of a duality-symmetric Lagrangian for Maxwell theory.

In general, geometries of Petrov type II do not admit symmetries in terms of Killing vectors or spinors. We introduce a weaker form of Killing equations which do admit solutions. In particular, there is an analog of the Penrose-Walker Killing spinor. Some of its properties, including associated conservation laws, are discussed. Perturbations of Petrov type II Einstein geometries in terms of a complex scalar Debye potential yield complex solutions to the linearized Einstein equations. The complex linearized Weyl tensor is shown to be half Petrov type N. The remaining curvature component on the algebraically special side is reduced to a first order differential operator acting on the potential.

We study the following problem: Given initial data on a compact Cauchy horizon, does there exist a unique solution to wave equations on the globally hyperbolic region? Our main results apply to any spacetime satisfying the null energy condition and containing a compact Cauchy horizon with surface gravity that can be normalised to a non-zero constant. Examples include the Misner spacetime and the Taub-NUT spacetime. We prove an energy estimate close to the Cauchy horizon for wave equations acting on sections of vector bundles. Using this estimate we prove that if a linear wave equation can be solved up to any order at the Cauchy horizon, then there exists a unique solution on the globally hyperbolic region. As a consequence, we prove several existence and uniqueness results for linear and non-linear wave equations without assuming analyticity or symmetry of the spacetime and without assuming that the generators close. We overcome in particular the essential remaining difficulty in proving that vacuum spacetimes with a compact Cauchy horizon with constant non-zero surface gravity necessarily admits a Killing vector field. This work is therefore related to the strong cosmic censorship conjecture.

We adapt the Faddeev-LeVerrier algorithm for the computation of characteristic polynomials to the computation of the Pfaffian of a skew-symmetric matrix. This yields a very simple, easy to implement and parallelize algorithm of computational cost O(n⁴) where n is the size of the matrix. We compare its performance to that of other algorithms and show how it can be used to compute the Euler form of a Riemannian manifold.

The Rarita-Schwinger operator is the twisted Dirac operator restricted to 3/2-spinors. Rarita-Schwinger fields are solutions of this operator which are in addition divergence-free. This is an overdetermined problem and solutions are rare; it is even more unexpected for there to be large dimensional spaces of solutions.
In this paper we prove the existence of a sequence of compact manifolds in any given dimension greater than or equal to 4 for which the dimension of the space of Rarita-Schwinger fields tends to infinity. These manifolds are either simply connected Kähler-Einstein spin with negative Einstein constant, or products of such spaces with flat tori. Moreover, we construct Calabi-Yau manifolds of even complex dimension with more linearly independent Rarita-Schwinger fields than flat tori of the same dimension.

 We study the asymptotic behaviour of a real-valued diffusion whose non-
regular drift is given as a sum of a dissipative term and a bounded measurable one.
We prove that two trajectories of that diffusion converge a.s. to one another at an
exponential explicit rate as soon as the dissipative coefficient is large enough. A
similar result in Lp is obtained.

The set of local gauge invariant quantities for linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime presented by two of the authors (S.A, T.B.) in (arXiv:1803.05341) is shown to be complete. In particular, any gauge invariant quantity for linearized gravity on Kerr that is local and of finite order in derivatives can be expressed in terms of these gauge invariants and derivatives thereof. The proof is carried out by constructing a complete compatibility complex for the Killing operator, and demonstrating the equivalence of the gauge invariants from (arXiv:1803.05341) with the first compatibility operator from that complex.

A duality symmetric formulation of linearized gravity has been introduced by Barnett and used to show the conservation of helicity. However, the relation between helicity and spin as well as the separate conservation of the spin and orbital parts of angular momentum, which is known to hold in Maxwell theory, was not considered. These conservation laws are known to follow from the conservation of the so-called helicity array, an analog of the zilch tensor, which includes helicity, spin, and spin-flux or infra-zilch. In the present paper we prove the conservation of spin and orbital angular momentum for linearized gravity on Minkowski space, and construct the analog of the helicity array for linearized gravity.

An upper bound of the relative entanglement entropy of thermal states at an inverse temperature \(\beta\)  of linear, massive Klein-Gordon and Dirac quantum field theories across two regions, separated by a nonzero distance \(d\) in a Cauchy hypersurface of an ultrastatic (spin-)spacetime has been computed. This entanglement measure is bounded by a negative constant times \(\mathrm{ln}|\tanh(\pi d/2\beta)|\) which signifies power law decay for asymptotic \(d\) where the exponent depends on \(\beta < \infty\).

This article reviews the microlocal construction of Feynman propagators for normally hyperbolic operators acting on vector bundles over globally hyperbolic spacetimes and its consequences. It is shown that for normally hyperbolic operators that are selfadjoint with respect to a hermitian bundle metric, the Feynman propagators can be constructed to satisfy a positivity property that reflects the existence of Hadamard states in quantum field theory on curved spacetimes. We also give a more direct construction of the Feynman propagator for the Dirac operator on a globally hyperbolic spacetime. Even though the natural bundle metric on spinors is not positive-definite, in this case we can give a direct microlocal construction of a Feynman propagator that satisfies positivity.

We show how to deduce Rellich inequalities from Hardy inequalities on infinite graphs. Specifically, the obtained Rellich inequality gives an upper bound on a function by the Laplacian of the function in terms of weighted norms. These weights involve the Hardy weight and a function which satisfies an eikonal inequality. The results are proven first for Laplacians and are extended to Schrödinger operators afterwards.

We prove a Feynman path integral formula for the unitary group exp(−itLv,θ), t≥0, associated with a discrete magnetic Schrödinger operator Lv,θ on a large class of weighted infinite graphs. As a consequence, we get a new Kato-Simon estimate

|exp(−itLv,θ)(x,y)|≤exp(−tL−deg,0)(x,y),

which controls the unitary group uniformly in the potentials in terms of a Schrödinger semigroup, where the potential deg is the weighted degree function of the graph.

In the limit \(\hbar \to 0\), we analyze a class of Schrödinger operators \( H_\hbar = \hbar^2 L + \hbar W + V\cdot id_{\mathscr{E}}\) acting on sections of a vector bundle \(\mathscr{E}\) over a Riemannian manifold \(M\) where \(L\) is a Laplace type operator, \(W\) is an endomorphism field and the potential energy \(V\) has a non-degenerate minimum at some point \(p\in M\). We construct quasimodes of WKB-type near \(p\) for eigenfunctions associated with the low-lying eigenvalues of \(H_\hbar\). These are obtained from eigenfunctions of the associated harmonic oscillator \(H_{p,\hbar}\) at \(p\), acting on smooth functions on the tangent space.

We prove an ϵ-regularity result for the tracefree curvature of a Willmore surface with bounded second fundamental form. For such a surface, we obtain a pointwise control of the tracefree second fundamental form from a small control of its L2-norm.Several applications are investigated. Notably, we derive a gap statement for surfaces of the aforementioned type. We further apply our results to deduce regularity results for conformal minimal spacelike immersions into the de Sitter space S4,1.

The propagation of electromagnetic waves in vacuum is often described within the geometrical optics approximation, which predicts that wave rays follow null geodesics. However, this model is valid only in the limit of infinitely high frequencies. At large but finite frequencies, diffraction can still be negligible, but the ray dynamics becomes affected by the evolution of the wave polarization. Hence, rays can deviate from null geodesics, which is known as the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. In the literature, this effect has been calculated ad hoc for a number of special cases, but no general description has been proposed. Here, we present a covariant Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis from first principles for the propagation of light in arbitrary curved spacetimes. We obtain polarization-dependent ray equations describing the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. We also present numerical examples of polarization-dependent ray dynamics in the Schwarzschild spacetime, and the magnitude of the effect is briefly discussed. The analysis reported here is analogous to that of the spin Hall effect of light in inhomogeneous media, which has been experimentally verified.

This paper proves the stability, with respect to the evolution determined by the vacuum Einstein equations, of the Cartesian product of high-dimensional Minkowski space with a compact, Ricci-flat Riemannian manifold that admits a spin structure and a nonzero parallel spinor. Such a product includes the example of Calabi-Yau and other special holonomy compactifications, which play a central role in supergravity and string theory. The stability proved in this paper provides a counter example to an instability argument by Penrose.

Based on the Atiyah-Patodi-Singer index formula, we construct an obstruction to positive scalar curvature metrics with mean convex boundaries on spin manifolds of infinite K-area. We also characterize the extremal case. Next we show a general deformation principle for boundary conditions of metrics with lower scalar curvature bounds. This implies that the relaxation of boundary conditions often induces weak homotopy equivalences of spaces of such metrics. This can be used to refine the smoothing of codimension-one singularites a la Miao and the deformation of boundary conditions a la Brendle-Marques-Neves, among others. Finally, we construct compact manifolds for which the spaces of positive scalar curvature metrics with mean convex boundaries have nontrivial higher homotopy groups.

We prove a local version of the index theorem for Lorentzian Dirac-type operators on globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds with Cauchy boundary. In case the Cauchy hypersurface is compact we do not assume self-adjointness of the Dirac operator on the spacetime or the associated elliptic Dirac operator on the boundary. In this case integration of our local index theorem results in a generalization of previously known index theorems for globally hyperbolic spacetimes that allows for twisting bundles associated with non-compact gauge groups.

In this paper, we define a relative \(L^2\)-\(\rho\)-invariant for Dirac operators on odd-dimensional spin manifolds with boundary and show that they are invariants of the bordism classes of positive scalar curvature metrics which are collared near the boundary. As an application, we show that if a \(4k+3\)-dimensional spin manifold with boundary admits such a metric and if, roughly speaking, there exists a torsion element in the difference of the fundamental groups of the manifold and its boundary, then there are infinitely many bordism classes of such psc metrics on the given manifold. This result in turn implies that the moduli-space of psc metrics on such manifolds has infinitely many path components. We also indicate how to define delocalised \(\eta\)-invariants for odd-dimensional spin manifolds with boundary, which could then be used to obtain similar results for \(4k+1\)-dimensional manifolds.

We present a uniqueness result for Gibbs point processes with interactions that come from a non-negative pair potential; in particular, we provide an explicit uniqueness region in terms of activity z and inverse temperature β. The technique used relies on applying to the continuous setting the classical Dobrushin criterion. We also present a comparison to the two other uniqueness methods of cluster expansion and disagreement percolation, which can also be applied for this type of interactions.

In this expository article we give an overview of recent developments in the study of optimal Hardy-type inequality in the continuum and in the discrete setting. In particular, we present the technique of the supersolution construction that yield “as large as possibleȍ Hardy weights which is made precise in terms of the notion of criticality. Instead of presenting the most general setting possible, we restrict ourselves to the case of the Laplacian on smooth manifolds and bounded combinatorial graphs. Although the results hold in far greater generality, the fundamental phenomena as well as the core ideas of the proofs become especially clear in these basic settings.

The interplay of geometry, spectral theory and stochastics has a long and fruitful history, and is the driving force behind many developments in modern mathematics. Bringing together contributions from a 2017 conference at the University of Potsdam, this volume focuses on global effects of local properties. Exploring the similarities and differences between the discrete and the continuous settings is of great interest to both researchers and graduate students in geometric analysis. The range of survey articles presented in this volume give an expository overview of various topics, including curvature, the effects of geometry on the spectrum, geometric group theory, and spectral theory of Laplacian and Schrödinger operators. Also included are shorter articles focusing on specific techniques and problems, allowing the reader to get to the heart of several key topics.

We study magnetic Schrödinger operators on graphs. We extend the notion of sparseness of graphs by including a magnetic quantity called the frustration index. This notion of magnetic-sparseness turns out to be equivalent to the fact that the form domain is an ℓ2 space. As a consequence, we get criteria of discreteness for the spectrum and eigenvalue asymptotics.

We introduce a notion of nodal domains for positivity preserving forms. This notion generalizes the classical ones for Laplacians on domains and on graphs. We prove the Courant nodal domain theorem in this generalized setting using purely analytical methods.

We study Schrödinger operators given by positive quadratic forms on infinite graphs. From there, we develop a criticality theory for Schrödinger operators on general weighted graphs.

We refer by threshold Ornstein-Uhlenbeck to a continuous-time threshold autoregressive process. It follows the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck dynamics when above or below a fixed level, yet at this level (threshold) its coefficients can be discontinuous. We discuss (quasi)-maximum likelihood estimation of the drift parameters, both assuming continuous and discrete time observations. In the ergodic case, we derive consistency and speed of convergence of these estimators in long time and high frequency. Based on these results, we develop a heuristic test for the presence of a threshold in the dynamics. Finally, we apply these statistical tools to short-term US interest rates modeling.

The XI international conference Stochastic and Analytic Methods in Mathematical Physics was held in Yerevan 2 – 7 September 2019 and was dedicated to the memory of the great mathematician Robert Adol’fovich Minlos, who passed away in January 2018. The present volume collects a large majority of the contributions presented at the conference on the following domains of contemporary interest: classical and quantum statistical physics, mathematical methods in quantum mechanics, stochastic analysis, applications of point processes in statistical mechanics. The authors are specialists from Armenia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Lithuania, Russia, UK and Uzbekistan. A particular aim of this volume is to offer young scientists basic material in order to inspire their future research in the wide fields presented here.

The paper deals with the long-term behavior of positive operator semigroups on spaces of bounded functions and of signed measures, which have
applications to parabolic equations with unbounded coefficients and to stochastic analysis. The main results are a Tauberian type theorem characterizing the convergence to equilibrium of strongly Feller semigroups and a generalization of a classical convergence theorem of Doob. None of these results requires any kind of time regularity of the semigroup.

We describe a full-discrete explicit approximation scheme for the process solution of the two-dimensional incompressible stochastic Navier-Stokes equations driven by additive noise with periodic boundary conditions. We focus on the properties which play a role in the proof of the strong convergence towards the mild solution of the equation.

In this work we consider a system of infinitely many interacting diffusions as a marked Gibbs point process. With this perspective, we show, for a large class of stable and regular interactions, existence and (conjecture) uniqueness of an infinite-volume Gibbs process. In order to prove existence we use the specific entropy as a tightness tool. For the uniqueness problem, we use cluster expansion to prove a Ruelle bound, and conjecture how this would lead to the uniqueness of the Gibbs process as solution of the Kirkwood-Salsburg equation.

In this paper we define a variant of Roe algebras for spaces with cylindrical ends and use this to study questions regarding existence and classification of metrics of positive scalar curvature on such manifolds which are collared on the cylindrical end. We discuss how our constructions are related to relative higher index theory as developed by Chang, Weinberger, and Yu and use this relationship to define higher rho-invariants for positive scalar curvature metrics on manifolds with boundary. This paves the way for classification of these metrics. Finally, we use the machinery developed here to give a concise proof of a result of Schick and the author, which relates the relative higher index with indices defined in the presence of positive scalar curvature on the boundary.

An essential component of therapeutic drug/biomarker monitoring (TDM) is to combine patient data with prior knowledge for model‐based predictions of therapy outcomes. Current Bayesian forecasting tools typically rely only on the most probable model parameters (maximum a‐posteriori (MAP) estimate). This MAP‐based approach, however, does neither necessarily predict the most probable outcome nor does it quantify the risks of treatment inefficacy or toxicity. Bayesian data assimilation (DA) methods overcome these limitations by providing a comprehensive uncertainty quantification. We compare DA methods with MAP‐based approaches and show how probabilistic statements about key markers related to chemotherapy‐induced neutropenia can be leveraged for more informative decision support in individualized chemotherapy. Sequential Bayesian DA proved to be most computational efficient for handling interoccasion variability and integrating TDM data. For new digital monitoring devices enabling more frequent data collection, these features will be of critical importance to improve patient care decisions in various therapeutic areas.

We construct marked Gibbs point processes in ℝ^d under quite general assumptions. Firstly, we allow for interaction functionals that may be unbounded and whose range is not assumed to be uniformly bounded. Indeed, our typical interaction admits an as finite but random range. Secondly, the random marks - attached to the locations in ℝ^d - belong to a general normed space S. They are not bounded, but their law should admit a super-exponential moment. The approach used here relies on the so-called entropy method and large-deviation tools in order to prove tightness of a family of finite-volume Gibbs point processes. An application to infinite-dimensional interacting diffusions is also presented.

In this paper we prove a strengthening of a theorem of Chang, Weinberger and Yu on obstructions to the existence of positive scalar curvature metrics on compact manifolds with boundary. They construct a relative index for the Dirac operator, which lives in a relative K-theory group, measuring the difference between the fundamental group of the boundary and of the full manifold. Whenever the Riemannian metric has product structure and positive scalar curvature near the boundary, one can define an absolute index of the Dirac operator taking value in the K-theory of the C*-algebra of fundamental group of the full manifold. This index depends on the metric near the boundary. We prove that the relative index of Chang, Weinberger and Yu is the image of this absolute index under the canonical map of K-theory groups. This has the immediate corollary that positive scalar curvature on the whole manifold implies vanishing of the relative index, giving a conceptual and direct proof of the vanishing theorem of Chang, Weinberger, and Yu. To take the fundamental groups of the manifold and its boundary into account requires working with maximal C* completions of the involved *-algebras. A significant part of this paper is devoted to foundational results regarding these completions.

 We study Maxwell's equation as a theory for smooth k-forms on globally hyperbolic spacetimes with timelike boundary as defined by Aké, Flores and Sanchez. In particular we start by investigating on these backgrounds the D'Alembert - de Rham wave operator □_k and we highlight the boundary conditions which yield a Green's formula for □_k. Subsequently, we characterize the space of solutions of the associated initial and boundary value problem under the assumption that advanced and retarded Green operators do exist. This hypothesis is proven to be verified by a large class of boundary conditions using the method of boundary triples and under the additional assumption that the underlying spacetime is ultrastatic. Subsequently we focus on the Maxwell operator. First we construct the boundary conditions which entail a Green's formula for such operator and then we highlight two distinguished cases, dubbed δd-tangential and δd-normal boundary conditions. Associated to these we introduce two different notions of gauge equivalence and we prove that in both cases, every equivalence class admits a representative abiding to the Lorentz gauge. We use this property and the analysis of the operator □_k to construct and to classify the space of gauge equivalence classes of solutions of the Maxwell's equations with the prescribed boundary conditions. As a last step and in the spirit of future applications in the framework of algebraic quantum field theory, we construct the associated unital ∗-algebras of observables proving in particular that, as in the case of the Maxwell operator on globally hyperbolic spacetimes with empty boundary, they possess a non-trivial center. 

When trying to cast the free fermion in the framework of functorial field theory, its chiral anomaly manifests in the fact that it assigns the determinant of the Dirac operator to a top-dimensional closed spin manifold, which is not a number as expected, but an element of a complex line. In functorial field theory language, this means that the theory is twisted, which gives rise to an anomaly theory. In this paper, we give a detailed construction of this anomaly theory, as a functor that sends manifolds to infinite-dimensional Clifford algebras and bordisms to bimodules.

In this paper we consider the zilch conservation laws for Maxwell theory and demonstrate that in the duality-symmetric version of Maxwell theory, the zilch arises as a Noether current for a variational symmetry of the duality symmetric Lagrangian which we identify through an application of the reverse of the Noether theorem. A variational symmetry leaves Lagrangian invariant up to a total divergence, without restricting to solutions of the field equations. This fact was previously known only for the so-called chirality current, i.e. the 00-component of zilch.

This work provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a symbolic dynamical system to admit a sequence of periodic approximations in the Hausdorff topology. The key result proved and applied here uses graphs that are called De Bruijn graphs, Rauzy graphs, or Anderson–Putnam complex, depending on the community. Combining this with a previous result, the present work justifies rigorously the accuracy and reliability of algorithmic methods used to compute numerically the spectra of a large class of self-adjoint operators. The so-called Hamiltonians describe the effective dynamic of a quantum particle in aperiodic media. No restrictions on the structure of these operators other than general regularity assumptions are imposed. In particular, nearest-neighbor correlation is not necessary. Examples for the Fibonacci and the Golay–Rudin–Shapiro sequences are explicitly provided illustrating this discussion. While the first sequence has been thoroughly studied by physicists and mathematicians alike, a shroud of mystery still surrounds the latter when it comes to spectral properties. In light of this, the present paper gives a new result here that might help uncovering a solution.

Our topological setting is a smooth compact manifold of dimension two or higher with smooth boundary. Although this underlying topological structure is smooth, the Riemannian metric tensor is only assumed to be bounded and measurable. This is known as a rough Riemannian manifold. For a large class of boundary conditions we demonstrate a Weyl law for the asymptotics of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian associated to a rough metric. Moreover, we obtain eigenvalue asymptotics for weighted Laplace equations associated to a rough metric. Of particular novelty is that the weight function is not assumed to be of fixed sign, and thus the eigenvalues may be both positive and negative. Key ingredients in the proofs were demonstrated by Birman and Solomjak nearly fifty years ago in their seminal work on eigenvalue asymptotics. In addition to determining the eigenvalue asymptotics in the rough Riemannian manifold setting for weighted Laplace equations, we also wish to promote their achievements which may have further applications to modern problems.

Let (M_i,g_i)_i∈ℕ be a sequence of spin manifolds with uniform bounded curvature and diameter that converges to a lower-dimensional Riemannian manifold (B, h) in the Gromov–Hausdorff topology. Then, it happens that the spectrum of the Dirac operator converges to the spectrum of a certain first-order elliptic differential operator D^B on B. We give an explicit description of D^B and characterize the special case where D^B equals the Dirac operator on B.

We consider rough metrics on smooth manifolds and corresponding Laplacians induced by such metrics. We demonstrate that globally continuous heat kernels exist and are H\"older continuous locally in space and time. This is done via local parabolic Harnack estimates for weak solutions of operators in divergence form with bounded measurable coefficients in weighted Sobolev spaces.

In this article we consider a family of real-valued diffusion processes on the time interval [0; 1] indexed by their prescribed initial value and another point y in space. We first present a condition on their drift and diffusion coefficients ensuring that the diffusion is pinned in y at time 1. Our main result then concerns the following question: can this family of pinned diffusions be obtained as the bridges either of a Gaussian Markov process or of an Ito diffusion? We eventually illustrate our precise answer with several examples.

We show that any 3+1-dimensional Milne model is future nonlinearly, asymptotically stable in the set of solutions to the Einstein-Vlasov system. For the analysis of the Einstein equations we use the constant-mean-curvature-spatial-harmonic gauge. For the distribution function the proof makes use of geometric L^2-estimates based on the Sasaki-metric. The resulting estimates on the energy momentum tensor are then upgraded by employing the natural continuity equation for the energy density.

The equations governing the perturbations of the Schwarzschild metric satisfy the Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli-Moncrief system. Applying the technique introduced in [2], we prove an integrated local energy decay estimate for both the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli equations. In these proofs, we use some constants that are computed numerically. Furthermore, we make use of the r^p hierarchy estimates [13, 32] to prove that both the Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli variables decay as t^-3/2 in fixed regions of r.

The Einstein-Vlasov equations govern Einstein spacetimes filled with matter which interacts only via gravitation. The matter, described by a distribution function on phase space, evolves under the collisionless Boltzmann equation, corresponding to the free geodesic motion of the particles, while the source of the gravitational field is given by the stress-energy tensor defined in terms of momenta of the distribution function. As no variational derivation of the Einstein-Vlasov system appears to exist in the literature, we here set out to fill this gap. In our approach we treat the matter as a generalized type of fluid, flowing in the tangent bundle instead of the spacetime. We present the actions for the Einstein-Vlasov system in both the Lagrangian and Eulerian pictures.

A classical problem in general relativity is the Cauchy problem for the linearised Einstein equation (the initial value problem for gravitational waves) on a globally hyperbolic vacuum spacetime. A well-known result is that it is uniquely solvable up to gauge solutions, given initial data on a spacelike Cauchy hypersurface. The solution map is an isomorphism between initial data (modulo gauge producing initial data) and solutions (modulo gauge solutions). In the first part of this work, we show that the solution map is actually an isomorphism of locally convex topological vector spaces. This implies that the equivalence class of solutions depends continuously on the equivalence class of initial data. We may therefore conclude well-posedness of the Cauchy problem. In the second part, we show that the linearised constraint equations can always be solved on a closed manifold with vanishing scalar curvature. This generalises the classical notion of TT-tensors on flat space used to produce models of gravitational waves. All our results are proven for smooth and distributional initial data of arbitrary real Sobolev regularity.

We describe the set of all Dirichlet forms associated to a given infinitegraphin terms of Dirichlet forms on its Royden boundary. Our approach is purely analyticaland uses form methods.

In this paper a class of statistics based on high frequency observations of oscillating Brownian motions and skew Brownian motions is considered. Their convergence rate towards the local time of the underling process is obtained in form of a Central Limit Theorem. The convergence speed is the same as in the case of Brownian motion but oscillating and skew Brownian motion have singular coecients and their local time is discontinuous.

The Isoperimetric Inequality has many different proofs using methods from diverse mathematical fields. In the paper, two methods to prove this inequality will be shown and compared. First the 2-dimensional case will be proven by tools of elementary differential geometry and Fourier analysis. Afterwards the theory of convex geometry will briefly be introduced and will be used to prove the Brunn--Minkowski-Inequality. Using this inequality, the Isoperimetric Inquality in n dimensions will be shown.

We study the stochastic multi-armed bandit problem in the case when the arm samples are dependent over time and generated from so-called weak $\cC $-mixing processes. We establish a $\cC-$ Mix Improved UCB agorithm and provide both problem-dependent and independent regret analysis in two different scenarios. In the first, so-called fast-mixing scenario, we show that pseudo-regret enjoys the same upper bound (up to a factor) as for iid observations; whereas in the second, slow mixing scenario, we discover a surprising effect, that the regret upper bound is similar to the independent case, with an incremental {\em additive} term which does not depend on the number of arms. The analysis of slow mixing scenario is supported with a minmax lower bound, which (up to a factor log(T)) matches the obtained upper bound.

L’histoire ne se compose pas uniquement de guerres ou de règnes de monarques. La science a marqué l’histoire grâce à de nombreuses découvertes, passionnantes tant d’un point de vue scientifique qu’historique. Nous connaissons les grands de ce monde dont les découvertes ont façonné notre société : Pierre (1859-1906) et Marie (1867-1934) Curie, Albert Einstein (1879-1955), Nicolas Tesla (1856-1943), Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) et bien d’autres encore. Wolfgang Döblin (1915-1940) mérite lui aussi toute notre attention car ses travaux mathématiques avant-gardistes sont méconnus, bien qu’ils aient débouché sur des applications importantes dans nombre de domaines tels la finance ou la physique. Sa vie tourmentée fut dense et finit tragiquement.

We introduce a notion of generalized Willmore functionals motivated by the Hawking energy of General Relativity and bending energies of membranes. An example of a bending energy is discussed in detail. Using results of Y. Chen and J. Li, we present a compactness result for branched, immersed, haunted, stratified surface with bounded area and Willmore energy. This allows us to prove the existence of area constrained minimizers for generalized Willmore functionals in the class of haunted, branched, immersed bubble trees by direct minimization. Here a haunted, stratified surfaces are introduced, in order to account for bubbling and vanishing components along the minimization process. Similarly, we obtain the existence of area and volume constrained, minimal, closed membranes for the discussed bending energy. Moreover, we argue that the regularity results of A. Mondino and T. Rivière for Willmore surfaces can be carried over to the setting of generalized Willmore surfaces. In particular, this means that critical points of a generalized Willmore functional are smooth away from finitely many points.

We investigate the Hawking energy of small surfaces in space times without symmetry assumptions by introducing the notion of Hawking type functionals. In particular, we find that Hawking type functionals are generalized Willmore functionals which allows us to find area constrained, minimizing, immersed, haunted bubble trees. These bubble trees are smooth spheres provided their area is small enough. Following a similar analysis of the Willmore functional conducted by T. Lamm and J. Metzger we characterize the concentration points of area constrained, critical surfaces for Hawking type functionals and the Hawking energy. Moreover, we determine their expansion on small surfaces.

We study the spectral location of strongly pattern equivariant Hamiltonians arising through configurations on a colored lattice. Roughly speaking, two configurations are "close to each other" if, up to a translation, they "almost coincide" on a large fixed ball. The larger this ball is, the more similar they are, and this induces a metric on the space of the corresponding dynamical systems. Our main result states that the map which sends a given configuration into the spectrum of its associated Hamiltonian, is Hölder (even Lipschitz) continuous in the usual Hausdorff metric. Specifically, the spectral distance of two Hamiltonians is estimated by the distance of the corresponding dynamical systems.

In this paper we consider surfaces which are critical points of the Willmore functional subject to constrained area. In the case of small area we calculate the corrections to the intrinsic geometry induced by the ambient curvature. These estimates together with the choice of an adapted geometric center of mass lead to refined position estimates in relation to the scalar curvature of the ambient manifold.

A correct statement of Theorem 4 in [1] is provided. The change does not affect the main results.

In this paper we prove integrated energy and pointwise decay estimates for solutions of the vacuum linearized Einstein equation on the Kerr black hole exterior. The estimates are valid for the full, subextreme range of Kerr black holes, provided integrated energy estimates for the Teukolsky Master Equation holds. For slowly rotating Kerr backgrounds, such estimates are known to hold, due to the work of one of the authors arXiv:1708.07385. The results in this paper thus provide the first stability results for linearized gravity on the Kerr background, in the slowly rotating case, and reduce the linearized stability problem for the full subextreme range to proving integrated energy estimates for the Teukolsky equation. This constitutes an essential step towards a proof of the black hole stability conjecture, i.e. the statement that the Kerr family is dynamically stable, one of the central open problems in general relativity.
The proof relies on three key steps. First, there are energy decay estimates for the Teukolsky equation, proved by applying weighted multiplier estimates to a system of spin-weighted wave equations derived from the Teukolsky equation, and making use of the pigeonhole principle for the resulting hierarchy of weighted energy estimates. Second, working in the outgoing radiation gauge, the linearized Einstein equations are written as a system of transport equations, driven by one of the Teukolsky scalars. Third, expansions for the relevant curvature, connection, and metric components can be made near null infinity. An analysis of the dynamics on future null infinity, together with the Teukolsky Starobinsky Identity plays an important role in the argument.

In General Relativity, the propagation of electromagnetic waves is usually described by the vacuum Maxwell's equations on a fixed curved background. In the limit of infinitely high frequencies, electromagnetic waves can be localized as point particles, following null geodesics. However, at finite frequencies, electromagnetic waves can no longer be treated as point particles following null geodesics, and the spin angular momentum of light comes into play, via the spin-curvature coupling. We will refer to this effect as the gravitational spin Hall effect of light. Here, we review a series of theoretical results related to the gravitational spin Hall effect of light, and we compare the predictions of different models. The analogy with the spin Hall effect in Optics is also explored, since in this field the effect is well understood, both theoretically and experimentally.

In this short survey article, we showcase a number of non-trivial geometric problems that have recently been resolved by marrying methods from functional calculus and real-variable harmonic analysis. We give a brief description of these methods as well as their interplay. This is a succinct survey that hopes to inspire geometers and analysts alike to study these methods so that they can be further developed to be potentially applied to a broader range of questions.

We study the convergence of the graph Laplacian of a random geometric graph generated by an i.i.d. sample from a m-dimensional submanifold M in R^d as the sample size n increases and the neighborhood size h tends to zero. We show that eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the graph Laplacian converge with a rate of O\Big(\big(\frac{\log n}{n}\big)^\frac{1}{2m}\Big) to the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the weighted Laplace-Beltrami operator of M.
No information on the submanifold M is needed in the construction of the graph or the "out-of-sample extension" of the eigenvectors. Of independent interest is a generalization of the rate of convergence of empirical measures on submanifolds in R^d in infinity transportation distance.

Static spherically symmetric solutions to the Einstein-Euler equations with prescribed central densities are known to exist, be unique and smooth for reasonable equations of state. Some criteria are also available to decide whether solutions have finite extent (stars with a vacuum exterior) or infinite extent. In the latter case, the matter extends globally with the density approaching zero at infinity. The asymptotic behavior largely depends on the equation of state of the fluid and is still poorly understood. While a few such unbounded solutions are known to be asymptotically flat with finite ADM mass, the vast majority are not. We provide a full geometric description of the asymptotic behavior of static spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions with linear and polytropic-type equations of state. In order to capture the asymptotic behavior we introduce a notion of scaled quasi-asymptotic flatness, which encodes a form of asymptotic conicality. In particular, these spacetimes are asymptotically simple.

Our first result concerns a characterisation by means of  a functional equation of Poisson point processes conditioned by the value of their first moment. It leads to a generalised version of Mecke's formula.  En passant, it also allows to gain quantitative results about stochastic domination for Poisson point processes under linear constraints.
Since bridges of a pure jump Lévy process in R^d with a height h can be interpreted as a Poisson point process on space-time conditioned by pinning its first moment to h, our approach allows us to characterize bridges of Lévy processes by means of a functional equation.
The latter result has two direct applications:
first we obtain a constructive and simple way to sample Lévy bridge dynamics; second it allows to estimate the number of jumps for such bridges. We finally show that our method remains valid for linearly perturbed Lévy processes like periodic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes driven by Lévy noise.

Wir beschäftigen uns mit Konfigurationen von gleichgroßen Kreisscheiben in einer Ebene, die sich nicht überlappen. Wir sind insbesondere daran interessiert, die Konfiguration(en) zu finden, die eine minimale quadratische Energie besitzen.
In der Tat, ist die genaue Geometrie der optimalen Konfiguration(en) nur für sehr kleine Systeme schon bekannt. Wir schlagen hier eine  wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretische Methode vor, die  effizient für Systeme jeder Größe ist.

We obtain a new Bernstein-type inequality for sums of Banach-valued random variables satisfying a weak dependence assumption of general type and under certain smoothness assumptions of the underlying Banach norm. We use this inequality in order to investigate in asymptotical regime the error upper bounds for the broad family of spectral regularization methods for reproducing kernel decision rules, when trained on a sample coming from a τ−mixing process.

On a smooth complete Riemannian spin manifold with smooth compact boundary, we demonstrate that Atiyah-Singer Dirac operator D_B in L² depends Riesz continuously on L^∞ perturbations of local boundary conditions B. The Lipschitz bound for the map B→D_B(1+D_B²)^-1/2 depends on Lipschitz smoothness and ellipticity of B and bounds on Ricci curvature and its first derivatives as well as a lower bound on injectivity radius. More generally, we prove perturbation estimates for functional calculi of elliptic operators on manifolds with local boundary conditions.

We provide explicit examples of positive and power-bounded operators on $c_0$ and $\ell^\infty$ which are mean ergodic but not weakly almost periodic. As a consequence we prove that a countably order complete Banach lattice on which every positive and power-bounded mean ergodic operator is weakly almost periodic is necessarily a KB-space. This answers several open questions from the literature.
Finally, we prove that if $T$ is a positive mean ergodic operator with zero fixed space on an arbitrary Banach lattice, then so is every power of $T$.

We present new conditions for semigroups of positive operators to converge strongly as time tends to infinity. Our proofs are based on a novel approach combining the well-known splitting theorem by Jacobs, de Leeuw and Glicksberg with a purely algebraic result about positive group representations. Thus we obtain convergence theorems not only for one-parameter semigroups but for a much larger class of semigroup representations.
Our results allow for a unified treatment of various theorems from the literature that, under technical assumptions, a bounded positive $C_0$-semigroup containing or dominating a kernel operator converges strongly as $t \to \infty$. We gain new insights into the structure theoretical background of those theorems and generalise them in several respects; especially we drop any kind of continuity or regularity assumption with respect
to the time parameter.
As applications we derive, inter alia, a generalisation of a famous theorem by Doob for operator semigroups on the space of measures and a Tauberian theorem for positive one-parameter semigroups under rather weak continuity assumptions. We also demonstrate how our results are useful to treat semigroups that do not satisfy any irreducibility conditions.

We study the spectral properties of curl, a linear differential operator of first order acting on differential forms of appropriate degree on an odd-dimensional closed oriented Riemannian manifold. In three dimensions its eigenvalues are the electromagnetic oscillation frequencies in vacuum without external sources. In general, the spectrum consists of the eigenvalue 0 with infinite multiplicity and further real discrete eigenvalues of finite multiplicity. We compute the Weyl asymptotics and study the zeta-function. We give a sharp lower eigenvalue bound for positively curved manifolds and analyze the equality case. Finally, we compute the spectrum for flat tori, round spheres and 3-dimensional spherical space forms.

In this paper we derive a differential identity for linearized gravity on the Kerr spacetime and more generally on vacuum spacetimes of Petrov type D. We show that a linear combination of second derivatives of the linearized Weyl tensor can be formed into a complex symmetric 2-tensor M_ab which solves the linearized Einstein equations. The identity makes this manifest by relating M_ab to two terms solving the linearized Einstein equations by construction. The self-dual Weyl curvature of M_ab gives a covariant version of the Teukolsky-Starobinsky identities for linearized gravity which, in addition to the two classical identities for linearized Weyl scalars with extreme spin weights, includes three additional equations. In particular, they are not consequences of the classical Teukolsky-Starobinsky identities, but are additional integrability conditions for linearized gravity. The result has direct application in the construction of symmetry operators and also yields a set of nontrivial gauge invariants for linearized gravity.

We give a short proof of a strong version of the short-time asymptotic expansion of heat kernels associated with Laplace-type operators acting on sections of vector bundles over compact Riemannian manifolds, including exponential decay of the difference of the approximate heat kernel and the true heat kernel. We use this to show that repeated convolution of the approximate heat kernels can be used to approximate the heat kernel on all of M, which is related to expressing the heat kernel as a path integral. This scheme is then applied to obtain a short-time asymptotic expansion of the heat kernel at the cut locus.

We show that the Dirac operator on a compact globally hyperbolic Lorentzian spacetime with spacelike Cauchy boundary is a Fredholm operator if appropriate boundary conditions are imposed. We prove that the index of this operator is given by the same expression as in the index formula of Atiyah-Patodi-Singer for Riemannian manifolds with boundary. The index is also shown to equal that of a certain operator constructed from the evolution operator and a spectral projection on the boundary. In case the metric is of product type near the boundary a Feynman parametrix is constructed.

We give an upper bound of the relative entanglement entropy of the ground state of a massive Dirac-Majorana field across two widely separated regions \(A\) and \(B\) in a static slice of an ultrastatic Lorentzian spacetime. Our bound decays exponentially in \(\mathrm{dist}(A,B)\) at a rate set by the Compton wavelength and the spatial scalar curvature. The physical interpretation of our result is that, on a manifold with positive spatial scalar curvature, one cannot use the entanglement of the vacuum state to teleport one classical bit from \(A\) to \(B\) if their distance is of the order of the maximum of the curvature radius and the Compton wavelength or greater.

A sequence (M_i , g_i)_i of closed Riemannian manifolds with uniform bounded curvature and diameter collapses if it converges to a lower dimensional compact metric space (B,h). The limit space (B,h) has in general many singularities. 
In the first part of this thesis we show that the case, where the limit space (B,h) is at most of one dimension less, can be characterized by a uniform lower bound on the quotient of the volume of the manifolds_i divided by their injectivity radius. In that case the limit space (B,h) is a Riemannian orbifold. 
In the second part, we discuss the behavior of Dirac eigenvalues on a collapsing sequence of spin manifolds with bounded curvature and diameter converging to a lower dimensional Riemannian manifold (B,h). Lott showed that the spectrum of Dirac type operators converges to the spectrum of a certain first order elliptic differential operator D on B. We accentuate this result in the case of spin manifolds by giving an explicit description of the differential operator D and conclude that D is self-adjoint. Moreover we characterize the special case where D is the Dirac operator on B.

Let H be a Schrödinger operator defined on a noncompact Riemannian manifold Ω, and let W∈L∞(Ω;R). Suppose that the operator H+W is critical in Ω, and let φ be the corresponding Agmon ground state. We prove that if u is a generalized eigenfunction of H satisfying |u|≤φ in Ω, then the corresponding eigenvalue is in the spectrum of H. The conclusion also holds true if for some K⋐Ω the operator H admits a positive solution in Ω'=Ω∖K, and |u|≤ψ in Ω', where ψ is a positive solution of minimal growth in a neighborhood of infinity in Ω.
Under natural assumptions, this result holds true also in the context of infinite graphs, and Dirichlet forms.

In the realm of Delone sets in locally compact, second countable Hausdorff groups, we develop a dynamical systems approach in order to study the continuity behavior of measured quantities arising from point sets. A special focus is both on the autocorrelation, as well as on the density of states for random bounded operators. It is shown that for uniquely ergodic limit systems, the latter measures behave continuously with respect to the Chabauty–Fell convergence of hulls. In the special situation of Euclidean spaces, our results complement recent developments in describing spectra as topological limits: we show that the measured quantities under consideration can be approximated via periodic analogs.

Das Werk bietet eine Einführung in die lineare Algebra und die analytische Geometrie und enthält Material für eine zweisemestrige Vorlesung. Es beginnt mit einem Kapitel, das allgemein in die mathematische Denkweise und Beweistechniken einführt, um dann über lineare Gleichungssysteme zur linearen Algebra überzuleiten. Besonderer Wert wird auf eine enge Verzahnung von algebraischen und geometrischen Konzepten gelegt, zum einen um eine gute geometrische Intuition für algebraische Begriffe zu entwickeln, zum anderen um elegante algebraische Beweismethoden für geometrische Sätze einsetzen zu können. Schließlich sind interaktive Übungsseiten und Illustrationen integriert, die zu einem aktiven Studium anregen.

How does the spectrum of a Schrödinger operator vary if the corresponding geometry and dynamics change? Is it possible to define approximations of the spectrum of such operators by defining approximations of the underlying structures? In this work a positive answer is provided using the rather general setting of groupoid C*-algebras. A characterization of the convergence of the spectra by the convergence of the underlying structures is proved. In order to do so, the concept of continuous field of groupoids is slightly extended by adding continuous fields of cocycles. With this at hand, magnetic Schrödinger operators on dynamical systems or Delone systems fall into this unified setting. Various approximations used in computational physics, like the periodic or the finite cluster approximations, are expressed through the tautological groupoid, which provides a universal model for fields of groupoids. The use of the Hausdorff topology turns out to be fundamental in understanding why and how these approximations work.

We consider equivariant continuous families of discrete one-dimensional operators over arbitrary dynamical systems. We introduce the concept of a pseudo-ergodic element of a dynamical system. We then show that all operators associated to pseudo-ergodic elements have the same spectrum and that this spectrum agrees with their essential spectrum. As a consequence we obtain that the spectrum is constant and agrees with the essential spectrum for all elements in the dynamical system if minimality holds.

Given two weighted graphs (X, b_k, m_k), k = 1,2 with b₁ ∼ b₂ and m₁ ∼ m₂, we prove a weighted L¹-criterion for the existence and completeness of the wave operators W_±(H₂, H₁, I_1,2), where H_k denotes the natural Laplacian in ℓ²(X, m_k) w.r.t. (X, b_k, m_k) and I_1,2 the trivial identification of ℓ²(X, m₁) with ℓ²(X, m₂). In particular, this entails a general criterion for the absolutely continuous spectra of H₁ and H₂ to be equal.

For a closed, connected direct product Riemannian manifold (M,g)=(M₁×⋯×M_l,g₁⊕⋯⊕g_l), we define its multiconformal class [[g]] as the totality {f₁²g₁⊕⋯⊕f_l²g_l} of all Riemannian metrics obtained from multiplying the metric g_i of each factor M_i by a function f_i²>0 on the total space M. A multiconformal class [[g]] contains not only all warped product type deformations of g but also the whole conformal class [g~] of every g~∈[[g]]. In this article, we prove that [[g]] carries a metric of positive scalar curvature if and only if the conformal class of some factor (M_i,g_i) does, under the technical assumption dimM_i≥2. We also show that, even in the case where every factor (M_i,g_i) has positive scalar curvature, [[g]] carries a metric of scalar curvature constantly equal to −1 and with arbitrarily large volume, provided l≥2 and dimM≥3. In this case, such negative scalar curvature metrics within [[g]] for l=2 cannot be of any warped product type.

We study the behavior of the spectrum of the Dirac operator together with a symmetric W^1,∞-potential on a collapsing sequence of spin manifolds with bounded sectional curvature and diameter losing one dimension in the limit. If there is an induced spin or pin⁻ structure on the limit space N, then there are eigenvalues that converge to the spectrum of a first order differential operator D on N together with a symmetric W^1,∞-potential. In the case of an orientable limit space N, D is the spin Dirac operator D^N on N if the dimension of the limit space is even and if the dimension of the limit space is odd, then D=D^N⊕−D^N.

Let M be a compact manifold of dimension n. In this paper, we introduce the mass function a≥0→X^M₊(a) (resp. a≥0→X^M_-(a)) which is defined as the supremum (resp. infimum) of the masses of all metrics on M whose Yamabe constant is larger than a and which are flat on a ball of radius 1 and centered at a point p∈M. Here, the mass of a metric flat around p is the constant term in the expansion of the Green function of the conformal Laplacian at p. We show that these functions are well defined and have many properties which allow to obtain applications to the Yamabe invariant (i.e. the supremum of Yamabe constants over the set of all metrics on M).

For a given subcritical discrete Schr\"odinger operator $H$ on a  weighted infinite graph $X$, we construct a Hardy-weight $w$ which is {\em optimal} in the following sense. The operator $H - \lambda w$ is subcritical in $X$ for all $\lambda < 1$, null-critical in $X$ for $\lambda = 1$, and supercritical near any neighborhood of infinity in $X$ for any $\lambda > 1$.  Our results rely on a criticality theory for Schr\"odinger operators on general weighted graphs.

We study the Kazdan-Warner equation on canonically compactifiable graphs. These graphs are distinguished as analytic properties of Laplacians on these graphs carry a strong resemblance to Laplacians on open pre-compact manifolds.

We show the existence of a local foliation of a three dimensional Riemannian manifold by critical points of the Willmore functional subject to a small area constraint around non-degenerate critical points of the scalar curvature. This adapts a method developed by Rugang Ye to construct foliations by surfaces of constant mean curvature.

The quantification of complex morphological patterns typically involves comprehensive shape and size analyses, usually obtained by gathering morphological data from all the structures that capture the phenotypic diversity of an organism or object. Articulated structures are a critical component of overall phenotypic diversity, but data gathered from these structures are difficult to incorporate into modern analyses because of the complexities associated with jointly quantifying 3D shape in multiple structures. While there are existing methods for analyzing shape variation in articulated structures in two‐dimensional (2D) space, these methods do not work in 3D, a rapidly growing area of capability and research. Here, we describe a simple geometric rigid rotation approach that removes the effect of random translation and rotation, enabling the morphological analysis of 3D articulated structures. Our method is based on Cartesian coordinates in 3D space, so it can be applied to any morphometric problem that also uses 3D coordinates (e.g., spherical harmonics). We demonstrate the method by applying it to a landmark‐based dataset for analyzing shape variation using geometric morphometrics. We have developed an R tool (ShapeRotator) so that the method can be easily implemented in the commonly used R package geomorph and MorphoJ software. This method will be a valuable tool for 3D morphological analyses in articulated structures by allowing an exhaustive examination of shape and size diversity.

Classical scattering trajectories are known to form a Lagrangian manifold in euclidean phase space, which allows the classification of local focal points for sufficiently small dimensions. For the case of a short-range potential, we show that the natural description of focal points at infinity is a Lagrangian manifold in the cotangent bundle of the sphere and establish the relationship between focal points at infinity and the projection singularities of the manifold.

We analyze a general class of self-adjoint difference operators <tex>H_\varepsilon = T_\varepsilon
</tex>

<tex>+ V_\varepsilon</tex> on <tex>\ell^2(\varepsilon\mathbb{Z}^d)</tex>, where<tex> </tex><tex><tex>V_ε</tex></tex> is a multi-well

potential and ε is a small parameter.

We review some preparatory results on tunneling of the authors, needed for
our presentation of new sharp results on tunneling on the level of complete asymptotic expansions.

The wells are decoupled by introducing certain Dirichlet operators on regions containing only one
potential well. Then the eigenvalue problem for the Hamiltonian <tex>H_\varepsilon</tex> is treated as a small perturbation of these comparison
problems.
After constructing a Finslerian distance d induced by <tex>H_\varepsilon</tex> we show that Dirichlet eigenfunctions decay exponentially with a rate
controlled by this distance to the well. It follows with microlocal techniques that the first
n eigenvalues of <tex>H_\varepsilon</tex> converge to
the first n eigenvalues of the direct sum of harmonic oscillators on <tex>\mathbb{R}^d</tex> located
at the several wells.
In a neighborhood of one well, we construct formal asymptotic expansions of WKB-type
for eigenfunctions associated with the low lying eigenvalues of<tex> H_\varepsilon</tex>. These are obtained
from eigenfunctions or quasimodes for the
operator <tex>H_\varepsilon</tex>, acting on <tex>L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)</tex>, via restriction to the lattice <tex>\varepsilon\mathbb{Z}^d</tex>.

Tunneling is then described by a certain interaction matrix, similar to the analysis for the Schrödinger operator, the remainder is exponentially small and roughly quadratic compared with the
interaction matrix.
We give weighted<tex> \ell^2</tex>-estimates for the difference of eigenfunctions of Dirichlet-operators in
neighbourhoods of the different wells and the associated WKB-expansions at the wells.
In the last step, we
derive full asymptotic expansions for interactions between two ``wells'' (minima)
of the potential energy, in particular for the discrete tunneling
effect. Here we essentially use analysis on phase space, complexified in the momentum variable.
These results are as sharp as the classical results for the Schrödinger operator given by Helffer and Sjöstrand.

We analyze a general class of difference operators <tex>H_\varepsilon = T_\varepsilon +V_\varepsilo</tex> on <tex>\ell^2((\varepsilon\mathbb{Z})^d)</tex>, where
<tex>V_\varepsilon</tex> is a multi-well potential and <tex>\varepsilon</tex> is a small parameter. We derive full asymptotic expansions
of the prefactor of the exponentially small eigenvalue splitting due to interactions between two
“wells” (minima) of the potential energy, i.e., for the discrete tunneling effect. We treat both
the case where there is a single minimal geodesic (with respect to the natural Finsler metric
induced by the leading symbol<tex> h_0(x, ξ)</tex> of <tex>H_\varepsilon</tex>) connecting the two minima and the case where
the minimal geodesics form an k+1 dimensional manifold, k ≥ 1. These results on the tunneling
problem are as sharp as the classical results for the Schrödinger operator in [Helffer, Sjöstrand,
1984]. Technically, our approach is pseudodifferential and we adapt techniques from [Helffer,
Sjöstrand, 1988] and [Helffer, Parisse, 1994] to our discrete setting.

We review some recent results on geometric equations on Lorentzian manifolds such as the wave and Dirac equations. This includes well-posedness and stability for various initial value problems, as well as results on the structure of these equations on black-hole spacetimes (in particular, on the Kerr solution), the index theorem for hyperbolic Dirac operators and properties of the class of Green-hyperbolic operators.

We improve the classical discrete Hardy inequality

where <nobr>{an}∞n=1</nobr> is any sequence of non-negative real numbers.

On a compact globally hyperbolic Lorentzian spin manifold with smooth spacelike Cauchy boundary the (hyperbolic) Dirac operator is known to be Fredholm when Atiyah-Patodi-Singer boundary conditions are imposed. In this paper we investigate to what extent these boundary conditions can be replaced by more general ones and how the index then changes. There are some differences to the classical case of the elliptic Dirac operator on a Riemannian manifold with boundary.

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We provide an abstract definition and an explicit construction of the stack of non-Abelian Yang-Mills fields on globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds. We also formulate a stacky version of the Yang-Mills Cauchy problem and show that its well-posedness is equivalent to a whole family of parametrized PDE problems. Our work is based on the homotopy theoretical approach to stacks proposed in [S. Hollander, Israel J. Math. 163, 93-124 (2008)], which we shall extend by further constructions that are relevant for our purposes. In particular, we will clarify the concretification of mapping stacks to classifying stacks such as BG_con.

This paper proves the existence of a bounded energy and integrated energy decay for solutions of the massless Vlasov equation in the exterior of a very slowly rotating Kerr spacetime. This combines methods previously developed to prove similar results for the wave equation on the exterior of a very slowly rotating Kerr spacetime with recent work applying the vector-field method to the relativistic Vlasov equation.

We study the relationship between initial data sets with horizons and the existence of metrics of positive scalar curvature. We define a Cauchy Domain of Outer Communications (CDOC) to be an asymptotically flat initial set (M,g,K) such that the boundary ∂M of M is a collection of Marginally Outer (or Inner) Trapped Surfaces (MOTSs and/or MITSs) and such that M\∂M contains no MOTSs or MITSs. This definition is meant to capture, on the level of the initial data sets, the well known notion of the domain of outer communications (DOC) as the region of spacetime outside of all the black holes (and white holes). Our main theorem establishes that in dimensions 3 ≤ n ≤ 7, a CDOC which satisfies the dominant energy condition and has a strictly stable boundary has a positive scalar curvature metric which smoothly compactifies the asymptotically flat end and is a Riemannian product metric near the boundary where the cross sectional metric is conformal to a small perturbation of the initial metric on the boundary ∂M induced by g. This result may be viewed as a generalization of Galloway and Schoen's higher dimensional black hole topology theorem to the exterior of the horizon. We also show how this result leads to a number of topological restrictions on the CDOC, which allows one to also view this as an extension of the initial data topological censorship theorem, established by Eichmair, Galloway, and Pollack in dimension n = 3, to higher dimensions.

These notes, based on lectures given at the summer school on Asymptotic Analysis in General Relativity, collect material on the Einstein equations, the geometry of black hole spacetimes, and the analysis of fields on black hole backgrounds. The Kerr model of a rotating black hole in vacuum is expected to be unique and stable. The problem of proving these fundamental facts provides the background for the material presented in these notes.
Among the many topics which are relevant for the uniqueness and stability problems are the theory of fields on black hole spacetimes, in particular for gravitational perturbations of the Kerr black hole, and more generally, the study of nonlinear field equations in the presence of trapping. The study of these questions requires tools from several different fields, including Lorentzian geometry, hyperbolic differential equations and spin geometry, which are all relevant to the black hole stability problem.

We complete the picture how the asymptotic behavior of a dynamical system is reflected by properties of the associated Perron-Frobenius operator. Our main result states that strong convergence of the powers of the Perron-Frobenius operator is equivalent to setwise convergence of the underlying dynamic in the measure algebra. This situation is furthermore characterized by a uniform mixing-like property of the system.

We compare the short-time expansion of the heat kernel on a Riemannian manifold with the formal stationary phase expansion of its representing path integral and prove that these asymptotic expansions coincide. Besides shedding light on the formal properties of quantum mechanical path integrals, this shows that the lowest order term of the heat kernel expansion is given by the Fredholm determinant of the Hessian of the energy functional on the space of finite energy paths. We also relate this to the zeta determinant of the Jacobi operator, considering both the near-diagonal asymptotics as well as the behavior at the cut locus.

If $(T_t)$ is a semigroup of Markov operators on an $L^1$-space that admits a non-trivial lower bound, then a well-known theorem of Lasota and Yorke asserts that the semigroup is strongly convergent as $t \to \infty$. In this article we generalise and improve this result in several respects.

First, we give a new and very simple proof for the fact that the same conclusion also holds if the semigroup is merely assumed to be bounded instead of Markov. As a main result we then prove a version of this theorem for semigroups which only admit certain individual lower bounds. Moreover, we generalise a theorem of Ding on semigroups of Frobenius-Perron operators. We also demonstrate how our results can be adapted to the setting of general Banach lattices and we give some counterexamples to show optimality of our results.

Our methods combine some rather concrete estimates and approximation arguments with abstract functional analytical tools. One of these tools is a theorem which relates the convergence of a time-continuous operator semigroup to the convergence of embedded discrete semigroups.

It is well known that, given an equivariant and continuous (in a suitable sense) family of selfadjoint operators in a Hilbert space over a minimal dynamical system, the spectrum of all operators from that family coincides. As shown recently similar results also hold for suitable families of non-selfadjoint operators in ℓ^p(ℤ). Here, we generalize this to a large class of bounded linear operator families on Banach-space valued ℓ^p-spaces over countable discrete groups. We also provide equality of the pseudospectra for operators in such a family. A main tool for our analysis are techniques from limit operator theory.

We derive various pinching results for small Dirac eigenvalues using the classification of spin^c and spin manifolds admitting nontrivial Killing spinors. For this, we introduce a notion of convergence for spin^c manifolds which involves a general study on convergence of Riemannian manifolds with a principal S¹-bundle. We also analyze the relation between the regularity of the Riemannian metric and the regularity of the curvature of the associated principal S¹-bundle on spin^c manifolds with Killing spinors.

 Let M(n,D) be the space of closed n-dimensional Riemannian manifolds (M,g) with diam(M)≤D and |secM|≤1. In this paper we consider sequences (Mi,gi) in M(n,D) converging in the Gromov–Hausdorff topology to a compact metric space Y. We show, on the one hand, that the limit space of this sequence has at most codimension one if there is a positive number r such that the quotient vol(BMir(x))/injMi(x) can be uniformly bounded from below by a positive constant C(n, r, Y) for all points x∈Mi. On the other hand, we show that if the limit space has at most codimension one then for all positive r there is a positive constant C(n, r, Y) bounding the quotient vol(BMir(x))/injMi(x) uniformly from below for all x∈Mi. As a conclusion, we derive a uniform lower bound on the volume and a bound on the essential supremum of the sectional curvature for the closure of the space consisting of all manifolds in M(n,D) with C≤vol(M)/inj(M).

In this thesis, we study two initial value problems arising in general relativity. The first is the Cauchy problem for the linearised Einstein equation on general globally hyperbolic spacetimes, with smooth and distributional initial data. We extend well-known results by showing that given a solution to the linearised constraint equations of arbitrary real Sobolev regularity, there is a globally defined solution, which is unique up to addition of gauge solutions. Two solutions are considered equivalent if they differ by a gauge solution. Our main result is that the equivalence class of solutions depends continuously on the corresponding equivalence class of initial data. We also solve the linearised constraint equations in certain cases and show that there exist arbitrarily irregular (non-gauge) solutions to the linearised Einstein equation on Minkowski spacetime and Kasner spacetime.
In the second part, we study the Goursat problem (the characteristic Cauchy problem) for wave equations. We specify initial data on a smooth compact Cauchy horizon, which is a lightlike hypersurface. This problem has not been studied much, since it is an initial value problem on a non-globally hyperbolic spacetime. Our main result is that given a smooth function on a non-empty, smooth, compact, totally geodesic and non-degenerate Cauchy horizon and a so called admissible linear wave equation, there exists a unique solution that is defined on the globally hyperbolic region and restricts to the given function on the Cauchy horizon. Moreover, the solution depends continuously on the initial data. A linear wave equation is called admissible if the first order part satisfies a certain condition on the Cauchy horizon, for example if it vanishes. Interestingly, both existence of solution and uniqueness are false for general wave equations, as examples show. If we drop the non-degeneracy assumption, examples show that existence of solution fails even for the simplest wave equation. The proof requires precise energy estimates for the wave equation close to the Cauchy horizon. In case the Ricci curvature vanishes on the Cauchy horizon, we show that the energy estimates are strong enough to prove local existence and uniqueness for a class of non-linear wave equations. Our results apply in particular to the Taub-NUT spacetime and the Misner spacetime. It has recently been shown that compact Cauchy horizons in spacetimes satisfying the null energy condition are necessarily smooth and totally geodesic. Our results therefore apply if the spacetime satisfies the null energy condition and the Cauchy horizon is compact and non-degenerate.

The interdisciplinary workshop STOCHASTIC PROCESSES WITH APPLICATIONS IN THE NATURAL SCIENCES was held in Bogotá, at Universidad de los Andes from December 5 to December 9, 2016. It brought together researchers from Colombia, Germany, France, Italy, Ukraine, who communicated recent progress in the mathematical research related to stochastic processes with application in biophysics. The present volume collects three of the four courses held at this meeting by Angelo Valleriani, Sylvie Rœlly and Alexei Kulik. A particular aim of this collection is to inspire young scientists in setting up research goals within the wide scope of fields represented in this volume.

Angelo Valleriani, PhD in high energy physics, is group leader of the team "Stochastic processes in complex and biological systems" from the Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam.

Sylvie Rœlly, Docteur en Mathématiques, is the head of the chair of Probability at the University of Potsdam.

Alexei Kulik, Doctor of Sciences, is a Leading researcher at the Institute of Mathematics of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.

We study the isoperimetric structure of Riemannian manifolds that are asymptotic to cones with non-negative Ricci curvature. Specifically, we generalize to this setting the seminal results of G. Huisken and S.–T. Yau on the existence of a canonical foliation by volume-preserving stable constant mean curvature surfaces at infinity of asymptotically flat manifolds as well as the results of the second-named author with S. Brendle and J. Metzger on the isoperimetric structure of asymptotically flat manifolds. We also include an observation on the isoperimetric cone angle of such manifolds. This result is a natural analogue of the positive mass theorem in this setting.

We find an adequate interpretation of the Lam´e operator within the framework of elliptic complexes and study the first mixed problem for the nonstationary Lam´e system.

This is the second volume of Nonlinear Equations with Small Parameter containing new methods of construction of global asymptotics of solutions to nonlinear equations with small parameter. They allow one to match asymptotics of various properties with each other in transition regions and to get unified formulas for connection of characteristic parameters of approximate solutions. This approach underlies modern asymptotic methods and gives a deep insight into crucial nonlinear phenomena. These are beginnings of chaos in dynamical systems, incipient solitary and shock waves, oscillatory processes in crystals, engineering constructions and quantum systems. Apart from independent interest the approximate solutions serve as a foolproof basis for testing numerical algorithms. The second volume will be related to partial differential equations.